After the Black Death in Europe, It Is Time for a New...

Late fifteenth century and early sixteenth century Europe are classified by a time of change and the start to new beginnings. The Black Death left all of Europe in shambles and in a state of extreme disorder. The population decreased dramatically and the economic, social and political state was extremely hindered. Through the reformation and renaissance Europe finally began to somewhat recover from this catastrophe. This time of change became a cultural movement all across Europe that began to reform and mend the problems that the people were dealing with. Social changes were made regarding the hierarchy in society. Political changes were made regarding the ruling of the city-states. And economic changes were made regarding available jobs†¦show more content†¦All these things seemed to be positive changes, but these were positive changes for the rich, the poor had a different experience during this time of change. Because of the shift in production and need for workers peasa nts were forced off their land and resorted to begging and wandering around asking for food or even resorting to theft. Crime became a very serious problem that many did not know how to deal with. In More’s novel Utopia there is a conversation between Hythloday and Cardinal Morton, chancellor to Henry VII, and in this conversation they argued about the â€Å"right† way to deal with the crime of theft. More believed that, â€Å"unless their crime was accompanied by violence, thieves, are neither imprisoned nor shackled but are employed, free and unconstrained, in doing public works† (More 38). Unlike the capital punishment practiced in England, More believed that thefts should taken as petty crimes and punished accordingly which is what he demonstrated in the Utopian society. This is just one instance where Utopia fixes a problem that is occurring in Europe. During the late fifteenth century and early sixteenth century many economic changes took place as w ell that had a major impact on Europe as a whole. To start, the population had dropped dramatically after the Black Death and as the renaissance developed the population increased greatly.Show MoreRelatedThe Black Death Of Europe1231 Words   |  5 Pagesfound regarding the history of the Black Death in Europe. It incorporates the beginning of the plague, the way that it spread, and the toll it took on Europe’s population. It answers questions concerning the context of my topic, the importance of subject at hand, as well as the affects it had on the society during and after this tragedy. Concluding this paper answers the final question of why people should know about this subject in the first place. The Black Death was single handedly one of the worstRead MoreThe Plague Of The Bubonic Plague975 Words   |  4 Pagesknown as the Black Death, was a severe outbreak of disease that spread in Europe in the 14th century from 1346-1353. The disease spread faster then originally expected of killing only twenty or thirty percent but killed 60 percent of Europe s population ( Benedictow). It is believed the population of Europe was around eighty million and that would add up to be fifty million deaths. It was a horrific death for one to experience and can still be found in the world today. The Black Death was a tragicRead MoreThe Black Plague Of Middle Ages1257 Words   |  6 PagesMiddle Aged Europe was an expansive period of time and marked the beginning of the Renaissance. A period of time in which reformation of important social aspects such as religion, education, and the arts was active and advancing at a rapid rate. Significance of intellectual inquiry and the belief in the huma n mind helped shape many new philosophical ideas and theories that would be spoken about for hundreds of years. This increasingly advanced period of time was quickly halted around the middle ofRead MoreThe Black Death Pandemic967 Words   |  4 Pages The Black Death: A Murderous Pandemic that Led Life to How it is Today The Black Death, a horrible pandemic plague that spread through all of Europe, taking 25,000,000 people along with it. In 1347, a mysterious pandemic appeared in the city-states of Italy just as Europe was recovering from famine. The Epidemic did not end until 1351 partly due to the belief of the people that this plague was spread through the air and was gods way of punishing them for their sins. Although this plague killedRead MoreThe Dark Ages Of Europe1672 Words   |  7 PagesThe Dark Ages of Europe is one of the most known horrible times recorded in human history. When Rome finally crumbled it was a devastating time, it lead to the worst time period that Europe has ever seen; full of disease and poverty. It started in 410 A.D and ended in 1200 A.D. During this time people would rather die a horrible death than to actually live through this time. Terrifying Vikings tore through the continent along with cruel Knights. Barbarians ravaged through what was first the amazingRead More The Black Plague in Great Britain838 Words   |  3 PagesEra was a time of knights and castles, royals and peasants, plague and famine, war and death. In the 1300’s a devastating plague swept across of most of Europe and Asia. It killed millions of people. Upon reaching Britain it killed over one-third the population. The Black Death, in only a few years, had left a permanent mark on Britain, its economy, the feudalism system and its culture through the cause of the major population decline in the 14th century. The Black Plague or Black Death is believedRead MorePositive and Negative Results of The Black Plague847 Words   |  4 PagesThe Black Plague, perhaps one of the worst epidemics in history, swept its evil across Europe in the middle of the 14th century, killing an estimated 20 million people. This major population shift, along with other disasters occurring at the time, such as famine and an already existing economic recession, plunged Europe into a dark period of complete turmoil. Anarchy, psychological breakdowns, and the dissipation of church power were some of the results. As time passed, however, society managed toRead MoreThe Economic, Political, and Social Effects of the Black Death1268 Words   |  6 Pages1351 in Europe. This massive destruction of human life was known as the Black Death. This Black Death was an ecological disaster on a global scale. The effects of the plague on human and certain animal populations from East Asia to as far west as Greenland were catastro phic. All facets of society, from peasant to king were affected; no one was safe. All of society was affected; nothing would ever be the same. Thus, there were many economic, social, and political effects of the Black Death. BeforeRead MoreThe Black Death Essay1196 Words   |  5 Pagesfalling down. The nursery rhyme refers to the Black Death, one of the worst plagues of all time (Schladweller). Known as infectious diseases that spread quickly and kill countless people, plagues have had a tremendous affect on people around the world since the beginning of time. The Black Death, also known as the bubonic plague, is a contagious bacterial infection that has killed millions of people. With the bubonic plague brutally killing one fourth of Europe in the 14th century and devastating ChinaRead MoreThe Black Plague : New York : The Free Pass 19831290 Words   |  6 Pages The Black Plague BY: Kevin Arellano World History,Per.7,Mrs.Sutherland April 24,2015 Works Cited 1.)Robert S. Gottfried. The Black Plague. New York :The Free Pass 1983 2.)The Black Death. AE .Television Networks.1979 3.)Don Nardo. The Black Death.Minneapoles.2011 4.)Sheri Johnson.The Medieval Plague.Minnesota 5.)Stephen Person. Bubonic Plague, The Black Plague. New York Introduction/Origin Do you know what The Black Plague was, it was a horrible disease that people

The Story Of The Movie Lucy - 827 Words

Lucy Heartfilia was getting off the train as she sees a huge crowd. Lucy is a Celestial Wizard. SHe summons spirits from another realm to help fight her battles. She walks towards the crowd and find a man that goes by the name Salamander. Salamander personally invited Lucy to a party on his yacht. Although, little did she know, she was being hypnotized by rings that were banned. The rings hypnotized girls. Since Lucy knew what the rings did, she couldn’t get hypnotized. A boy with pink hair rushed over and saved her. â€Å" Are you alright?† he asked. â€Å" Yes, but who are you?† Lucy asked. â€Å" I am Natsu, the dragon son.† Natsu replied. To thank him, Lucy asked Natsu if he wanted to have lunch. Natsu said yes and they headed off to a Cafe’. Natsu†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å" I knew it. You weren’t the real salamander!† yelled Natsu. â€Å" You finally figured it out.† said the man. â€Å" Who are you then?!† yelled Natsu. â€Å" The names Bora,† he said. â€Å" I knew I recognized you!† said Natsu. They start to fight. â€Å" Natsu use dragon breath† yelled Natsu. A dragon appeared and went start towards Bora and threw him up into the air and slammed him onto the boat. Then, Natsu used his most powerful move. Fire wind. Suddenly, the boat started to move towards the shore and crashed on the beach, nearly hitting a woman, her husband, and child. Natsu came out of the boat without a single scratch. Everyone was surprised, even Bora and hi henchmen. Bora had been flown out of the boat and was laying on the sand. He was still conscious and was surprised that he hadn’t been killed. Suddenly, Natsu ate the fire and he was on fire, but not burning though. â€Å" Eating fire helps his magic become stronger.† said Happy. â€Å" YOU CAN TALK?!† yelled Lucy. â€Å" Yeah. I’m Happy and I like fish,† said Happy. Back at the fight, Natsu was kicking Bora’s butt. He took off his little jacket he was wearing and revealed a Fairy Tail symbol on his shoulder. â€Å" He’s part of Fairy Tail!! Let’s get out of here.† said Bora’s henchmen as the run off, carrying Bora. Although before they had a chance to run off, Natsu used his finishing move to finish both Bora and his henchmen. To finish them off, Natsu used Fire Dragon, which made a huge dragon breathing fire appear. Bora andShow MoreRelatedThe Story Of The Movie Lucy And I Were Up Front 991 Words   |  4 Pages Everything was going great on our way home our two week long mission. Lucy and I were up front, talking side by side about the new addition of Sorcerer Magazine while Natsu and Gray walked behind us. They were bickering once more about something that I didn t bother to pay any attention to. And Happy was most likely walking besides them. Happy wasn t to happy with me at the moment, as I had stepped on his tail by accident while trying to help out Natsu take down a monster. No matter how manyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie 50 First Dates Essay1590 Words   |  7 PagesDates† is a romantic comedy movie starring Adam Sandler (Henry Roth) as a veterinary surgeon, Drew Barrymore (Lucy Whitmore), who is amnesiac, and Rob Schneider. In this movie, Lucy is depicted to have a syndrome called amnesic syndrome. The movie starts in Oahu, in Hawaii at the Sea Life Park Island where Henry Roth has a reputation of seducing female tourists who visits the Island. Henry shows no interest in committing himself into a serious relationship. The story takes a turn when Henry’sRead MoreViolence in Dracula1277 Words   |  6 Pagesthe same impact if it were lacking violence. So to holds true to that of the movie. The movie bares different characteristics then that of the book. First off, the whole ordeal with the wolf escaping and jumping into Lucy s, room and Lucy s mom having a heart attacked is never even mention in the movie. Second, The night when the four men go to Lucy s grave and find it empty is stated both in the book and in the movie however what unfolds after this is different. Finally, the end of the book differsRead MoreIron Jawed Angels By Katja Von Garnier1651 Words   |  7 Pagesmany others in 1890. Alice Paul and Lucy Burns, two of the younger women suffragists, join the NAWSA (the National American Woman Suffrage Association) to try to push for the constitutional amendment for women’s suffrage. Carrie Catt and Anna Shaw allow Alice Paul and Lucy Burns to take over the Washington D.C. NAWSA committee, but Alice and Lucy would have to raise their own funds for the committee. When Alice and Lucy first get to Washington D.C., Alice and Lucy go around recruiting a team of volunteersRead MoreChronicles of Narnia1005 Words   |  5 PagesChronicles of Narnia The Chronicles of Narnia research paper The Chronicle of Narnia is a very interesting book, it has a classic Good vs. Evil plot. In this story four brave children a saved land. The book and the movie did not have many differences except for some that were small. To begin the plot of the book, the story takes place during the Second World War in London. Their father was gone in the war and they were living with their mother, there city was getting bombed so they were forced toRead MoreI Am Sam s Mental Retardation999 Words   |  4 Pages I was personally very moved by the entire story. I learned a lot about how these kinds of cases usually pan out for those that are mentally disabled. I had not ever thought of a story like this, but now that I was opened to these kinds of issues in the lives of people with mental disabilities, I am glad that I watched this movie and gain some insight. Sam faced several psychological issues in this story. Out of all the psychological issues this movie portrays Sam to have, his mental retardationRead MoreThe Theme of Emotions versus Control in Sense and Sensibility the Movie542 Words   |  3 PagesThe Theme of Emotions versus Control in Sense and Sensibility the Movie In the movie Sense and Sensibility, Jane Austen illuminated the repeated theme of emotions versus control through the actions of her two characters, Marianne, who was very sensuous and Elinor, who was very sensible. Their actions showed how Marianne was in touch with her senses and fully experienced her emotions and how Elinor seemed to possess good practical judgment and thought more about her actions and consequences thoroughlyRead MoreI am Sam Disability1394 Words   |  6 Pagesthe movie I am Sam to challenge my own opinion on how people with disabilities should be treated under certain circumstances. I am Sam is a movie about a mentally challenged man, named Sam, striving to raise his daughter, Lucy, alone. Diagnosed with Autism, Sam’s intellectual capacity cannot exceed the age of 7. As we watch Lucy grow up under Sam’s roof, we are able to see the love they have for each other. When Lucy reaches the age of 8, social workers see this as an issue, so they place Lucy inRead MoreAnalysis Of I Am Sam848 Words   |  4 PagesThe movie, I Am Sam is about a single father who has a developmental disability and who has an IQ of a seven-year-old who wants and tries to take care of his baby daughter. He had his daughter, Lucy with a homeless woman and she left Sam just after she had her. There are some complications and then he loses her through court because people convince him he could not give her the love she deserved. The article online and the movie were the same. In many people’s opinion, books are better than the moviesRead MoreAnalysis of the Film Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion Witch and Wardrobe Directed by Andrew Adamson508 Words   |  3 PagesDirector Andrew Adamson’s intriguing film â€Å"Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion Witch and Wardrobe†, is based on C.S. Lewis’s novel. The film tells the story of four children who are evacuated to the countryside during the Second World War bombing of London and find a m agical wardrobe that leads to another world which has been cursed to eternal winter by the evil White Witch Jadis. Forgiveness is a suggested theme throughout the film. There are many examples in the film that show the siblings have to go

Market Analysis Food and Beverage Industry Singapore

Question: Conduct a comprehensive Market Analysis for "FOOD AND BEVERAGE INDUSTRY" in SINGAPORE. There are few areas that need to be discussed in this report: 1. Market Size (current and future) 2. Market Trend 3. Market Growth Rate 4. Market Profitability 5. Industry Cost Structure 6. Distribution Channel 7. Key Success Factors Answer: Introduction The food and beverages industry is growing steadily in Singapore the growth rate for the different types of establishments are steady but not overwhelmingly fast. So, there is market opportunity for the new entrants but the market is already almost saturated and the relation of the different types of establishments like the restaurants, fast food chains, caterers and other utilities. Market analysis Market size The market size is substantial and growing steadily and it can be seen in the number of establishments that is growing at the rate of approximately 1% over the years. It can be proven by the supporting data from the key indicators of food and beverages industry in Singapore 2013 (Wirtz and Chung, 2015). So it can be said that the industry will continue to grow at a steady rate and the new entrants will have a small window opportunity to enter the market in future. Market growth rate The means of predicting market growth is the method of analysing historical data to predict the growth but is not accurate. The better method of doing the same is the prediction of the driving forces behind the changes like changing income levels or changing demographics. In this case in Singapore the growth rate is small but steady (Henderson, 2015). So, the future for any new business is totally dependent on the performance of the establishment and their market strategy. Market trends The market in the food and beverages industry is indicative of the trend of low number of new entrants and it is also indicative of the performance of the current establishments. Market profitability This is the indicator of the profitability of the market and the although the different establishments have different rates of profit based on the different factors like market strategy and sector the average profitability works to indicate the fact that how hard it is to make money in the sector so the market profitability is one of the main points that is to be analysed by the new entrants to see if the business in the sector will be adequately profitable or not (Khusaini, Ismail and Rashid, 2016). Industry cost structure Industry cost structure is the indicator of the cost of operating in the market in the sector and it can also be used to see where the management can cut costs by adapting new methods of operation and manage costs to generate competitive advantage over the competitors. So, it is important to determine where the value is added in the business and how that affects the performance to increase customer satisfaction and generate customer loyalty. The industry cost structure is one of the most important indicators to determine if the business can triumph over the others or not. Distribution channels In the industry the existing channels are operating efficiently and the room for new channels is very small. So, if there is a definite advantage over the old channel only then a new channel can make its place and the low equity products can afford the bargaining power of the businesses over the manufacturers in the industry. Key success factors The key success factors of the business are technological advanced processes, the better access to resources, unique materials and products; so the businesses need to have definite advantage over the others to become successful (Baker and Friel, 2015). Conclusion It is clear from the analysis that the market entry is not very easy but to find any advantage over the existing business in the sector is even harder, so an entrepreneur has to judge correctly the opportunities and threats to make a business successful. Referances Baker, P. and Friel, S., 2015. Transnational Food and Beverage Corporations, Food Systems Transformations and the Nutrition Transition in Asia. RegNet Research Paper, (2015/61). Henderson, J.C., 2015. Halal food, certification and halal tourism: Insights from Malaysia and Singapore. Tourism Management Perspectives. Khusaini, N.S., Ismail, A. and Rashid, A.A., 2016, February. Investigation of the prominent barriers to lean manufacturing implementation in Malaysian food and beverages industry using Rasch Model. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 114, No. 1, p. 012090). IOP Publishing. Wirtz, J. and Chung, L.M., 2015. Singapore: Macro Trends and their Implications for Consumer Marketing. In Proceedings of the 1997 World Marketing Congress (pp. 441-443). Springer International Publishing.

Plato’s Epistemology and Metaphysics an Example of the Topic Literature Essays by

Plato’s Epistemology and Metaphysics The philosophical investigation of human knowledge and science were the fore front of Grecian philosophers Plato and Aristotle. Plato's ideal of human knowledge is we are born with knowledge, but have to investigate through our lifetime in order to remember. Interestingly, Plato also found that forms are real, but the material objects around us are not through his scientific studies. Although Aristotle completed some studies with Plato, his views on the nature of change and his concept of the physical universe differ. Need essay sample on "Platos Epistemology and Metaphysics" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Plato's Epistemology Plato's epistemology thought contained that we could only have genuine knowledge of things that are perfect and unchanging. We can have knowledge about the forms, but not about material objects. We can have only beliefs or opinions about the material world. Part of Plato's belief dealt with the soul. The Platonic school of thought set forth that before we are born our souls live in a realm of forms and have complete knowledge of the forms. When we are born, we still have this knowledge but we do not realize it. We can recollect this knowledge only with difficulty. This leads to the Socratic method of teaching which consists in asking the right questions so that the student recovers his or her knowledge of the forms as illustrated in the Meno. From the Meno, "Socrates: And if the truth about reality is always in our soul, the soul must be immortal, and one must take courage and try to discover that is to recollect what one doesn't happen to know, or more correctly remember, at the moment"(Jowett). Socrates feels this demonstration gives us hope that we can find knowledge through the Socratic method and that the Eristic Dilemma, or puzzle of knowledge, is mistaken because knowledge goes through stages rather than being only two options; there is more to it than either knowing or not knowing University Students Frequently Tell EssayLab professionals:I'm not in the mood to write my essay online. I want to spend time with my girlfriendProfessional writers recommend:Get Academic Writing At Reasonable Price With UsBuy College Papers Online Affordable Papers Review Cheap Writing Service Reviews Cheap Reliable Essay Writing Service Plato's Metaphysics Plato's principal work touching on scientific questions, the Timaeus, bluntly states the world, "in very truth is a living creature with soul and reason."(Jowett). To this viewpoint Plato accords an unconditional primacy even in matters of detail. Thus when he discusses the working of the human eye, he deplores the fact that "the great mass of mankind regards the sole causes of all things. " Against this he opposes the classification of causes into two groups: the accessory or mechanical causes that are "incapable of any plan or intelligence for any purpose," and those that "work with intelligence to produce what is good and desirable."(Jowett). A great observation of Plato's theory in science was the metaphysical study of forms. Plato's theory of form was intended to answer the following 3 questions: Why do objects have the properties they do? How should objects be classified? What makes an object good of its kind? The answers Plato proposed were based on his theory of forms. Platos theory was a form is an ideal object. Forms are perfect, eternal, and unchanging. There is a form for each property or characteristic an object could have. There are also forms for abstract objects and concepts; for example numbers. Forms are real, but the material objects around us are not. This lead to the following answers to Plato's questions: An object has a characteristic because it participates in the form for that characteristic; for example, an object is round because it participates in the form of roundness. Objects belong together in a category when they participate in the same form; for example, all round things belong together because they all participate in the form of roundness. An object is better of its type because it participates in a relevant form to a greater extent; for example, an object is more round than other things because it participates in the form of roundness to a greater degree. Aristotle's Concept of Change Change is a fact that all observe. While Plato wanted to go beyond the world of change to the unchangeable ideas, Aristotle studied change itself. Change has a pattern that we can understand. There are four causes of motion or change. First is the material cause the matter out of which something is produced. Second is the efficient cause or the active, producing cause. For example, Aristotle used the illustration of parents who produce children where the seed is the material cause. Third is the formal cause, or the technique or way of doing something. The fourth is the final cause. In other words the goal or purpose intended. For Aristotle, everything in nature had an end or purpose. There is a goal toward which everything is moving; for example, a kitten to become a cat, or an acorn to become an oak. The final cause is the cause of causality in the other causes. As with human beings, nothing in nature is done without a purpose. For Aristotle purpose was immanent, not transcendent. An example given by the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy is the four causes seen in the work of a sculptor: the marble on which he works is the material cause; the sculptor himself is the efficient cause; the pattern for the statue is the formal cause; and the purpose for which the work is undertaken is the final cause Aristotle comes close to Plato when he considers the underlying factor responsible for the movement of all things. This factor is their form, or eidos, which is the mover. Everything has in itself a power. Only in the act it's self is the thing perfect. The goal toward which the activity moves is the complete rarity of that thing. The perfection of things is immanent in them, and they move toward actuality. Aristotle's Concept of Motion on the Universe According to Science World Aristotle held that the universe was divided into two parts, the terrestrial region and the celestial region. In the realm of earth, all bodies were made out of combinations of four substances, earth, fire, air, and water. Heavy material bodies like rocks and iron consisted mostly of earth with small parts of the other elements. Less dense objects were thought to contain a larger mixture of the other elements along with earth. For instance, humans consisted of a complex mixture of all the elements: earth, which gave material strength and weight; fire, which provided warmth; water, which accounted for blood and other bodily fluids; and air, which filled the lungs and provided the breath of life. Aristotle's theory holds that the sun, planets, and stars were made of quintessence, a pure, perfect substance, quite unlike the elements found on Earth. The Moon, marking the boundary between the sublunary earthly region and the superlunary heavenly region, was mostly quintessence, but because of its proximity to Earth it was contaminated with a small mixture of earthly elements, which accounted for the visible imperfections on its surface. Science World establishes the fundamental assumption in Aristotelian physics was that the natural state of sublunary matter is rest. Earth, air, and water must seek their natural place at rest in the center of Earth unless stopped by an impenetrable surface like the ground or a table. The natural place of rest of the element fire is somewhere above us, but well below the Moon. The air we see around us is a mixture of the elements air and fire, so its behavior is complicated by the competition between the tendency for fire to rise and air to fall. Aristotle's model provided a simple, compelling explanation for falling rocks, rising flames, and the circulation of the air. However, it was less successful in explaining "violent motion" such as when an object is hurled from a catapult. To see why this would be a problem for the Aristotelian worldview, imagine the following experiment as defined by The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Find a cat, and put it from a siege machine. You would observe that the cat continues to travel through the air (before landing safely on its feet) even after it was no longer being pushed by the arm of the machine. If the natural state of motion of the cat is rest on Earth, why didn't the cat drop to the ground immediately on leaving the pult? (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) Here, Aristotelian physics had to say that this kind of motion is different because it is "violent," and had to invent some mechanism to keep the cat in the air during violent motion. All of the mechanisms fall under the technical description "hand waving." One of the most popular explanations was that the air in front of the cat became disturbed by the movement of the cat and swirled behind the cat and pushed it along. Thus, in Aristotelian dynamics, there was a distinction between "natural" downward motions. For example, a rock falling to the ground when dropped and unnatural violent motion not directed toward the center of earth, such as that resulting from a catapult. In concluding, to review the variances in Plato and Aristotle's designated schools of thought one may find the following: Plato was a man of reasoning, due to he believed we had knowledge before birth, but through question in life remembered the knowledge we were born with. Plato and Aristotle differed in their ideas of change due to Plato believed that for were unchanging and Aristotle's view was a form changed to meet its end purpose. For Aristotle the motion of the universe was a contrast to earthly motions. In the superlunary regions of the heavens the natural state of motion was circular, because circles were considered to be the perfect geometric figure. Thus the planets would travel forever in circular orbits without the intervention of any force. Works Cited Jowett, Benjamin. "Meno". The Internet Classics Archive. 2007. 2007, June 4. Jowett, Benjamin. "Timaeus". The Internet Classics Archive. 2007. 2007, June 4. Science World. "Classic Metaphysics". Science World. 2007. 2007, June 3. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. "Plato's Timaeus". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2007. 2007, June 3.